Levels and sources apportionment of gaseous polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1565.2018.03.004

Abstract

Abstract: Seven representative indoor air samples were collected using a medium volume sampler on a university campus. The species and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)were analyzed using GC-ECD and GC/MS. The results showed that 14 PBDEs were detected in the samples. Among the detected PBDEs, detection of BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-190 were 100%. The total concentration of PBDEs(∑₁₄PBDEs)ranged from 78.1 to 414.0 pg/m³ with the mean concentration of 266.6 pg/m³, and BDE-100 was the dominant congener. The indoor air pollutants were mainly Penta-BDE, followed by Octa-BDE commercial products. It indicated that PBDEs concentration variations were large in different rooms. The number of electrical equipment, the number of furniture and the year of decoration were important factors to affect the concentration variations of PBDEs.

Key words: polybrominated diphenyl ethers, gas phase, concentrations, pollution characteristics, sources

CLC Number:

LIU Pengyan, XU Yunfeng, MA Aojuan, LI Zhansheng, HE Zenghao. Levels and sources apportionment of gaseous polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air[J]. Journal of Hebei University (Natural Science Edition), 2018, 38(3): 248-253.

References

[1] YANG M,JIA H L, MA W L, et al. Levels, compositions, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dechlorane plus in air in a Chinese northeastern city[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 55: 73-79. DOI:10.1021/es052123v.
[2] MANDALAKIS M, STEPHANOU E G, HORII Y, et al. Emerging contaminants in car interiors:Evaluating the impact of airborne PBDEs and PBDD/Fs [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42(17): 6431-6436. DOI:10.1021/es7030533.
[3] BIRNBAUM L S, STASKAL D F. Brominated flame retardants:Cause for concern[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004, 112(1):9-17. DOI:10.1289/ehp.6559.
[4] RUDEL R A, DODSON R E, PEROVICH L J, et al. Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two Northern California communities [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 44(17):6583-6590. DOI:10.1021/es100159c.
[5] 刘芃岩,杨金新,王永慧,等. 水相中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚微波降解的影响因素[J].河北大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(1):24-30,38. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1565.2017.01.005. LIU P Y, YANG J X, WANG Y H, et al. Influencing factors of microwave degradation of 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in aqueous solution[J]. Journal of Hebei University(Natural Science Edition),2017, 37(1): 24-30.38. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1565.2017.01.005.
[6] CHEN L G, MAI B X, XU Z C, et al. In-and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou,China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(1):78-86. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.010.
[7] 孙鑫,陈颖,王云华,等. 杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征[J]. 环境科学学报,2013,33(2):364-369. DOI:10.13671/jhjkxxb.2013.02.037. SUN X, CHEN Y, WANG Y H,et al. Pollution status and characteristics of PBDEs in indoor air in Hangzhou [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2013,33(2):364-369. DOI:10.13671/jhjkxxb.2013.02.037.
[8] 刘洋.上海市室内空气中多溴联苯醚污染状况及甲状腺干扰活性的初步研究[D]. 上海:东华大学,2011.
[9] SJODIN A, JAKOBSSON E, KIERKEGAURD A, et al. Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of polybriminated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5DE[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1998,822(1):83-89. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00614-1.
[10] PREVEDOUROS K, JONES K C, SWEETMAN A J,et al. Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabriminated diphenyl ethers inEurope between 1970 and 2000 [J]. Environmental Science Technology, 2004,38:3224-3231. DOI:10.1021/es049711d.
[11] WILFORD B H, HARNER T, ZHU J P, et al. Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for sources and exposure [J]. Environmental Science Technology, 2004, 38:5312-5318. DOI:10.1021/es049260x.
[12] HARRAD S, WIJESEKERA R, HUNTER S, et al. Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environmental Science Technology, 2004,38:2345-2350. DOI:10.1021/es0301121.
[13] GEVAO B, AI-BAHLOUL M, Al-GHADBAN A N, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air in Kuwait: Implications for human exposure [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(8):1419-1426. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.053.
[14] ALAEE M, ARIAS P, SJODIN A, et al. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different contries/regions and possible modes of release [J]. Environment International, 2003, 29(6):683-689. DOI:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1.